The effect of urbanisation and seasonality on wild bee abundance, body size and foraging efforts

Anthropogenic changes highly impact the world's biodiversity. An important human-driven change to natural environments is increasing urbanisation, which responsible for decreasing suitable habitats many wild species, including bees. In this study, we investigate if three levels of urbanisation (low, medium and high) affect body size, foraging efforts abundance sweat bee Agapostemon virescens. Overall, A. virescens was more abundant in medium-urbanised sites. Second-generation females (summer bees) were than overwintered (spring at all urbanisation. According female bees larger urbanised sites male efforts, observed an increase wing wear during spring a decrease summer. It also found female-biased sex ratio under high male-biased low Our results suggest that can still provide sufficient nesting resources addition our findings higher sites, maintaining different heterogenous landscapes within populous city might have positive on be sustainability.